Fix Hardware Problems Causing Freezes & Reboots

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Fix Hardware Problems Causing Freezes & Reboots

Maybe you are facing random computer freezes and reboots! In such cases we have to first find out if it’s a hardware specific problem or a software specific problem. Because system instability can be caused due to both these reasons. This post covers computer reboots and freezes which may be caused due to your hardware and offer possible troubleshooting steps.


RAM
To find ou if it’s specific to hardware, download Memtest86+ ISO Image and burn it to a disk. Then boot from the disk and run Memory Diagnostic for 8 to 9 passes. It’s must be allowed to run up to 8 or 9 passes, to find out if it’s RAM that is causing the problem. Even a single error means there is something wrong with either RAM or DIMM slot. So you have to run MemTest with individual slots with individual RAM. Check the Motherboard manual and see that the voltage and timings are set correctly in the BIOS. Also check and ensure that the RAM is compatible with the board.


Hard Drive
Next we have to test the Hard Drive condition. Find out the manufacturer of your Hard Drive and go to manufactures website. Most of the manufacture will have their own diagnostic tools. So run a complete diagnostic and check the stability of the Hard Drive. If you find a lot of bad sectors or error immediately start backing up your data. Then run chkdsk to see if that corrects the problem. If not, then if it is covered by warranty, send for RMA.


Overheat
One of the most common issue that cause the system instability is Overheat. To test that there are a lot of applications out there that would help you to monitor the temperatures. For example SpeedFan, HWMonitor, Open Hardware Monitor, etc. are few of them. Once you find that the system instability is caused by overheating, then if it a desktop remove the side panel and blow the dust out. Make sure you remove the CPU Fan and remove the dust as well. Also replace the thermal paste. Make sure all the fans are working properly. If it’s a Laptop then it’s best to take it to a local PC repair shop.


BIOS
Sometime changing the settings in BIOS, like Overclocking the RAM or processor and cause instability for the system. In such cases, reset the BIOS to default settings or reset it by removing CMOS for a minute and put it back. Make sure the BIOS firmware is up to date.


Power Supply
Sometime you might have a great system with latest board, processor, GPU, RAM etc. but to handle those, your PSU may not be powerful enough. Make sure you get one that can handle your hardware. Also PSU failure can cause the system to act weird – unfortunately there is no easy way to test it. But sometime you can hear loud noises from SMPS that would help you figure out if it’s the PSU that’s causing the problem.


Graphic Card
Sometime a GPU can cause system instability. Maybe overheating or incorrect clock settings are the main causes. In such cases, there are a lot of stress test software, which you could run to check the stability of your GPU like FurMark etc. Also a bad driver can also cause problems, so it might be a good idea to reinstall the drivers. Also when you Overclock your GPU - check the manual.


External Devices
Sometime a faulty external device like a USB Camera, Mouse, Keyboard, Gaming control etc. can cause random reboots. It’s best to disconnect all the USB devices and see if that fixes the problem. Also it’s best to see if you can borrow a Keyboard and mouse and see if that make any difference. Also you could check the Event Viewer to see any information or errors about a USB device is logged there.


Tags: bad best bios board cases caused check computer covers device diagnostic drive driver due dust error etc fan gpu handle hard hardware individual instability latest lot manual manufacture mouse overclock overheat overheating passes power problem processor psu ram random reboots remove settings software sometime specific stability sure system test usb

Things You Can Do With Windows Notepad, But You Don't!

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Things You Can Do With Windows Notepad, But You Don't!

Windows Notepad is the barest of bones plain text editor you can get for Windows, and that’s why so many of us love it or hate it. Notepad has been bundled with Windows ever since Windows 1.0 launched in 1985, and it’s evolved only slightly. But after decades of use, there are a few groovy features hidden in Notepad that you may have never known existed. Check ‘em out...


Insert the Time and Date
Press F5 or choose Edit and Time/Date to automatically insert the time and date into Notepad. Handy for all those captain’s logs you’ll be keeping on your next starship journey.


Switch to Right-to-Left Reading Order
Right-click in Notepad and choose Right to Left Reading Order to change the way the text is displayed. This is useful if you’re typing in a language that is read from right to left, such as Arabic or Hebrew. As you’ll notice from the screenshot, it only reverses the order of the letters and words if you are actually typing in a language that reads from right to left. For English and other left to right languages, it arranges it much as if it were right-aligned, except the punctuation ends up on the left side of the line.


Insert a Timestamp Each time a File is Opened
Create a new .txt file and at the very top on the first line, insert: .LOG. Now, whenever you open the file in Notepad.exe, Notepad will automatically insert a timestamp on the next line. This is handy if you have scripts or other automated network tasks where a log file is created.


Customize the Header and Footer in Notepad
Notepad doesn’t have the rich text editing features of bona fide word processors, but you can still add a header and footer to each page for printing. To do so, click File and choose Page Setup. Here, you’ll see the Headerand Footer boxes. You can enter plain text here, or special characters which automatically insert the date, time, page number and other information.


See the chart below for the special characters you can use in Notepad headers and footers:

Go To a Specific Line
Press CTRL-G or click Edit and choose Go To… to jump to a specific line in the text document. Note that you must have Word Wrap turned off (click Format and choose Word Wrap) for the Go To… feature to work.


You don’t need to number your lines in order for this to work, and if you do, Notepad will just go by its own numbering, with the first line number as 1, the second as 2 and so forth. This might be helpful if you’re using Notepad.exe to code or script, and your browser spits out an error such as “Syntax error on Line 642.” You can then open up Notepad.exe, hit CTRL-G and type in 642 and automatically be taken to the offending line of code. That’s much easier than counting them by hand.


Also, note, that when you first hit CTRL-G, the number in the field will be the current line number, which his helpful for keeping track of where you are in your text document. You can also see the Line and Column number by clicking View and choosing Status Bar.


Conclusion
So, there you have it—Notepad does more than you thought it could. While this might not elevate it to the full-featured level of programs like Notepad++, these tips can save you some time if you prefer to stick with good ol’ Notepad for your plain text editing endeavors.


Tags: automatically bar characters choose click code conclusion create ctrl-g date decades document edit error exe facebook features file footer forth handy header helpful hit insert keeping language line log note notepad number open order page plain press reading save script special specific taken text timestamp typing view windows work wrap

Internet Explorer 6 Usage Around The World

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Internet Explorer 6 Usage Around The World

IE6 has now become obsolete browser. IE6 has been widely criticized for its poor security and lack of support for modern web standards. The IE6 Countdown site will be updated on a monthly basis, in April 2011 usage of Internet Explorer 6 was 11.4% and decreasing!

Internet Explorer 6 Usage in April 2011 - click to enlarge.

Why move off of Internet Explorer 6?
There are many benefits of upgrading to a newer version of Internet Explorer – improved speed, tabbed browsing, and better privacy settings to name a few.

175 Mac OS X Terminal Commands

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175 Mac OS X Terminal Commands

The Terminal is a program included with all versions of Mac OS X. To launch terminal goto Applications and click Utilities folder. Terminal is originated in Mac OS X’s predecessors, NeXTSTEP and OPENSTEP, and allows the user to interact with the computer through a command line interface. By default it provides a bash shell.

Here is a list of 175 common Mac OS X commands for power users,

alias - Create an alias

alloc - List used and free memory

awk – Find and Replace text within file(s)

basename – Convert a full pathname to just a folder path

bash - Bourne-Again SHell (Linux)

bless - Set volume bootability and startup disk options.

break - Exit from a loop

cal – Display a calendar

case – Conditionally perform a command

cat – Display the contents of a file

cd - Change Directory

chflags - Change a file or folder’s flags.

chgrp - Change group ownership

chmod - Change access permissions

chown - Change file owner and group

chroot – Run a command with a different root directory

cksum – Print CRC checksum and byte counts

clear - Clear terminal screen

cmp – Compare two files

comm – Compare two sorted files line by line

complete – Edit a command completion [word/pattern/list]

continue – Resume the next iteration of a loop

cp - Copy one or more files to another location

cron – Daemon to execute scheduled commands

crontab - Schedule a command to run at a later date/time

cut - Divide a file into several parts

date - Display or change the date & time

dc – Desk Calculator

dd – Data Dump – Convert and copy a file

df - Display free disk space

diff – Display the differences between two files

diff3 – Show differences among three files

dirname- Convert a full pathname to just a path

dirs Di – play list of remembered directories

diskutil - Disk utilities – Format, Verify, Repair

ditto – Copy files and folders

dscl – Directory Service command line utility

du - Estimate file space usage

echo - Display message on screen

ed - A line-oriented text editor (edlin)

enable – Stop or start printers and classes.

env – Set environment and run a utility

eval – Evaluate several commands/arguments

exec - Execute a command

exit - Exit the shell

expect – Programmed dialogue with interactive programs

expand - Convert tabs to spaces

expr - Evaluate expressions

false - Do nothing, unsuccessfully

fdisk - Partition table manipulator for Darwin UFS/HFS/DOS

find - Search for files that meet a desired criteria

fmt – Reformat paragraph text

fold - Wrap text to fit a specified width

for – Expand words, and execute commands

foreach - Loop, expand words, and execute commands

fsck - Filesystem consistency check and repair

fs – usage Filesystem usage (process/pathname)

ftp - Internet file transfer program

GetFileInfo - Get attributes of HFS+ files

getopt - Parse positional parameters

goto – Jump to label and continue execution

grep - Search file(s) for lines that match a given pattern

groups – Print group names a user is in

gzip - Compress or decompress files

head - Display the first lines of a file

hdiutil – Manipulate iso disk images

history - Command History

hostname - Print or set system name

id – Print user and group names/id’s

if – Conditionally perform a command

info – Help info

install - Copy files and set attributes

jobs – List active jobs

join - Join lines on a common field

kill – Stop a process from running

l - List files in long format (ls -l)

ll - List files in long format, showing invisible files (ls -la)

less - Display output one screen at a time

ln - Make links between files (hard links, symbolic links)

locate - Find files

logname – Print current login name

login - log into the computer

logout - Exit a login shell (bye)

lpr - Print files

lprm - Remove jobs from the print queue

lpstat – Printer status information

ls – List information about file(s)

lsbom – List a bill of materials file

lsof - List open files

man - Help manual

mkdir – Create new folder(s)

mkfifo – Make FIFOs (named pipes)

more - Display output one screen at a time

mount - Mount a file system

mv - Move or rename files or directories

net – Manage network resources

nice – Set the priority of a command

nohup - Run a command immune to hangups

onintr – Control the action of a shell interrupt

open - Open a file/folder/URL/Application

osascript – Execute AppleScript

passwd - Modify a user password

paste - Merge lines of files

pbcopy - Copy data to the clipboard

pbpaste - Paste data from the Clipboard

pico - Simple text editor

ping - Test a network connection

pmset - Power Management settings

popd - Restore the previous value of the current directory

pr – Convert text files for printing

printenv - Print environment variables

printf - Format and print data

ps - Process status

pushd - Save and then change the current directory

pwd - Print Working Directory

quota - Display disk usage and limits

rcp – Copy files between machines.

repeat - Execute a command multiple times

rm - Remove files

rmdir - Remove folder(s)

rpm – Remote Package Manager

rsync - Remote file copy – Sync file tree (also RsyncX)

say - Convert text to audible speech

sched – Schedule a command to run at a later time.

screencapture - Capture screen image to file or disk

sdiff – Merge two files interactively

security - Administer Keychains, keys, certificates and the Security framework

sed – Stream Editor

set – Set a shell variable = value

setenv - Set an environment variable = value

setfile – Set attributes of HFS+ files

shift – Shift positional parameters

shutdown - Shutdown or restart OS X

sleep - Delay for a specified time

softwareupdate - System software update tool

sort – Sort text files

split - Split a file into fixed-size pieces

stop - Stop a job or process

su - Substitute user identity

sudo - Execute a command as another user

sum – Print a checksum for a file

switch - Conditionally perform a command

tail - Output the last part of files

tar - Tape ARchiver

tee - Redirect output to multiple files

test – Condition evaluation

time – Measure Program Resource Use

touch - Change file timestamps

traceroute - Trace Route to Host

tr - Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters

true - Do nothing, successfully

tty - Print filename of terminal on stdin

type - Describe a command

umask – Users file creation mask

umount - a device

unalias - Remove an alias

uname – Print system information

unexpand - Convert spaces to tabs

uniq - Uniquify files

units - Convert units from one scale to another

unset - Remove variable or function names

unsetenv - Remove environment variable

users - Print login names of users currently logged in

uuencode - Encode a binary file

uudecode - Decode a file created by uuencode

vi – Text Editor

wc - Print byte, word, and line counts

where - Report all known instances of a command

which – Locate a program file in the user’s path

while - Execute commands

who - Print all usernames currently logged on

whoami - Print the current user id and name (`id -un’)

xargs - Execute utility – passing arguments

yes - Print a string until interrupted

Tags: change command convert copy create current data date directory disk display editor environment execute exit expand files folder format group hfs id jobs line links list login loop ls mac manage names os output path print process program remove screen shell space stop system terminal text usage user utility variable

Bruce Lee (1940–1973)

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Bruce Lee (1940–1973)

Bruce Lee (Born Lee Jun-fan - Lee Hsiao Lung), was born in San Fransisco in November 1940 the son of a famous Chinese opera singer. Bruce moved to Hong Kong when he soon became a child star in the growing Eastern film industry. His first film was called The birth of Mankind, his last film which was uncompleted at the time of his death in 1973 was called Game of Death. Bruce was a loner and was constantly getting himself into fights, with this in mind he looked towards Kung Fu as a way of disciplining himself. The famous Yip Men taught Bruce his basic skills, but it was not long before he was mastering the master. Yip Men was acknowledged to be one of the greatest authorities on the subject of Wing Chun a branch of the Chinese Martial Arts. Bruce mastered this before progressing to his own style of Jeet Kune Do.

Click to enlarge!

At the age of 19 Bruce left Hong Kong to study for a degree in philosophy at the University of Washington in America. It was at this time that he took on a waiter's job and also began to teach some of his skills to students who would pay. Some of the Japanese schools in the Seattle area tried to force Bruce out, and there was many confrontations and duels fought for Bruce to remain.


He met his wife Linda at the University he was studying. His Martial Arts school flourished and he soon graduated. He gained some small roles in Hollywood films - Marlowe- etc, and some major stars were begging to be students of the Little Dragon. James Coburn, Steve McQueen and Lee Marvin to name but a few. He regularly gave displays at exhibitions, and it was during one of these exhibitions that he was spotted by a producer and signed up to do The Green Hornet series. The series was quite successful in the States - but was a huge hit in Hong Kong. Bruce visited Hong Kong in 1968 and he was overwhelmed by the attention he received from the people he had left. 


He once said on a radio program if the price was right he would do a movie for the Chinese audiences. He returned to the States and completed some episodes of Longstreet. He began writing his book on Jeet Kune Do at roughly the same time. 


Back in Hong Kong producers were desperate to sign Bruce for a Martial Arts film, and it was Raymond Chow the head of Golden Harvest who produced The Big Boss. The rest as they say is history.


Extra Information
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee
http://www.allbrucelee.com
http://www.brucelee.com (official website)
http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000045 (Bruce Lee - IMDb - List of Movies)
Bruce Lee - Videos and Picture Gallery 

Tags: arts began birth born bruce called chinese chow com death duels exhibitions extra facebook famous film gained history hong http imdb jeet kong kune lee linda mankind martial master movie name produced program school series sign skills soon star states students study subject subscribe taught took uncompleted university www yip

Why Wireless Internet is Slower than Wired?

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Why Wireless Internet is Slower than Wired?

There’s nothing like the untethered freedom of wireless Internet. Having the flexibility to get online from a variety of locations is a beautiful thing. But why is it that you seem to always be sacrificing speed for the sake of mobility? What is it about wireless Internet that slows you down? The following are 10 reasons why wireless Internet is slower that wired.


1. Firstly, wireless signals are subject to interference from physical obstructions like walls, metal objects, etc. This will decrease signal strength and, therefore, overall performance.


2. Electrical noise when transmitting through the air will also adversely affect wireless performance.


3. Because wireless is usually being transmitted via an omnidirectional antenna, much of the signal is lost to the wireless device, which is receiving only a fraction of the available signal.


4. Routers typically run at 54Mbps. Broadband wired internet speed on ethernet can be 100Mbps. So the capacity of the wired connection may exceed that of your wireless router, even if it’s connected to the same broadband source.


5. This can also be a function of the wireless standard that you’re using. 802.11n, for instance, is capable of 300 Mbps speed, while 802.11g speeds are in the aforementioned 54 Mbps range.


6. Proximity to the router will affect speed. The further you are from the source, the slower your speeds.


7. Your wireless device is sharing the available bandwidth with all other devices on that wireless network. Think of it on terms of water pressure,and trying to run a bath while the kitchen sink and the clothes washer are both running.


8. Positioning of the antenna can affect the wireless signal.


9. Speed differences between wireless and wired are going to be most significant when transferring files between devices on the same network.


10. Wireless encryption, a security necessity when transmitting through the air, also slows down the signal.


Although any wireless router is rated for speeds in excess of most broadband speed, the nature of wireless transmission makes it susceptible to conditions that can adversely affect performance.


Source: http://www.dslservice-providers.com/blog/blog/2011/10-reasons-wireless-internet-is-slower-than-wired.html


Tags: adversely affect aforementioned air although antenna available blog broadband conditions connected device dslservice-providers facebook files flexibility follow fraction freedom function instance internet locations lost mbps necessity network omnidirectional performance pressure range reasons router security signal significant slower slows source speed strength subject subscribe transferring transmitting typically untethered washer wired wireless

Comprehensive List of HTML Tags

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Comprehensive List of HTML Tags

Use this handy guide as a reference when writing HTML or xHTML. I list all the HTML tags you'll ever need - and all the ones you shouldn't use too! For each tag, I explain its proper use when writing Semantic HTML. I hope you find it useful.

I haven’t listed absolutely every HTML tag ever, as some of them are too obscure to be worth mentioning.

Tag	What it is	When to use it
<a>	Anchor (most commonly a link)	Vital. Use to create links in content. Use the title attribute whenever the contents of the <a>…</a> pair do not accurately describe what you’ll get from selecting the link. Title attribute often displays as a tooltip in visual browsers, which may be a helpful usability aid.
<abbr>	Defines an abbreviation	Works in a similar way to <dfn> and <acronym>, using a title attribute (displays a tooltip in standard visual browsers). e.g. <abbr title=”Hypertext markup language”>HTML</abbr>
<ACRONYM>	Defines an acronym	Works in a similar way to <abbr> and <dfn>, using a title attribute (displays a tooltip in standard visual browsers).
<ADDRESS>	Used for marking up a physical (e.g. mailing) address	Not commonly used. Recommend looking into microformats, which allow for more detail and interoperability.
<APPLET>	Inserts a Java applet	The old way to insert a Java app. Use <object> instead today.
<AREA>	Hotspot in image map	Avoid image maps where possible. Occasionally necessary.
<BASE>	Specifies the base location of the document.	Use only when necessary. Adjusts any relative links and paths within the document.
<BASEFONT>	Sets default font size	Display info – never use it
<BIG>	Larger text	Display info – never use it
<BLINK>	Makes text blink	You go to hell if you use this
<BLOCKQUOTE>	Large quoted block of text	Use for any quoted text that constitutes one or more paragraphs (note: should contain <p> tags as well). Use <q> for quotations within a paragraph. Often used in conjunction with <cite> to cite the quotation’s source.
<BODY>	Document body	Essential (unless you’re using frames)
<BR>	Line break	This is arguably display information. Still in common use, but use with restraint.
<B>	Bold text	Display info – never use it
<BUTTON>	Used for a standard clickable button within a form	Often better than <input type=”button” /> or <input type=”submit” />, as it allows you to assign different styles based on the HTML element alone, whereas differentiating style based on the type of input is less well supported.
<CAPTION>	Caption for a table: describes the table’s contents	The correct way to assign a title to a table
<CENTER>	Centred block	Display info – never use it. Use <div> or some other block-level tag with the style text-align:center instead
<CITE>	Defines a citation	Defines the source of a quotation (in conjunction with content in <q> or<blockquote> pairs).
<CODE>	Defines an extract of code	Not commonly used. Similar to <pre> tag, but collapses consecutive white spaces and line breaks in the source.
<COL>	Identifies a particular column in a table	Can be very useful. e.g. <col class=”namecol”> can be applied to each first column in a series of tables, then the width of each column may be set to be equal in the stylesheet, overriding the table’s natural tendency to adjust its own column widths to fit its contents.
<DFN>	Definition of a term	Works in a similar way to <abbr> and <acronym>, using a title attribute (displays a tooltip in standard visual browsers).
<DIR>	Directory list	Now deprecated. Use a standard <ul> or other list instead.
<DIV>	Division	Specifies a logical division within a document. Use it to separate or identify chunks of content that are not otherwise distinguished naturally using other tags. One of the most common HTML tags.
<DL>	Definition list	Contains one or more definition-term / definition-description pairs.
<DT>	Definition term	Used as part of a <dt></dt><dd></dd> pair within a definition list (<dl></dl>)
<DD>	Definition description
<EM>	Emphasis	Commonly used in place of the old <i> (italics) tag to indicate emphasis (but less than <strong>)
<FONT>	Font settings	Display info – never use it
<FORM>	Input form	Essential for data input
<H1>	Level 1 header	Aim to have one H1 on each page, containing a description of what the page is about.
<H2>	Level 2 header	Defines a section of the page
<H3>	Level 3 header	Defines a sub-section of the page (should always follow an H2 in the logical hierarchy)
<H4>	Level 4 header	Etc. Less commonly used
<H5>	Level 5 header	Less commonly used. Only complex academic documents will break down to this level of detail.
<H6>	Level 6 header	Less commonly used
<HEAD>	Document head	Essential. Contains information about a page that does not constitute content to be communicated as part of the page.
<HR>	Horizontal rule	Display info with no semantic value – never use it. “Horizontal”, by definition, is a visual attribute.
<HTML>		Core element of every web page.
<IMG >	Show an image	Vital. Always use the alt or longdesc attributes when the image has content value
<INPUT>	Input fields within forms	Vital. (I prefer to use <button> for buttons and submit buttons though)
<ISINDEX>	Old type of search input	Not really used any more. Use <form> instead.
<I>	Italicised text	Display info – never use it
<KBD>	Keyboard input	Display info – never use it
<LINK>	Defines a relationship to another document	Commonly used to reference external stylesheets, but has other minor uses
<LI>	List item	Specifies an item in an unordered or ordered list (<ul> or <ol>)
<MAP>	Client-side imagemap	May have occasional value, but only use when absolutely necessary
<MARQUEE>	Makes text scroll across the screen	See <blink>
<MENU>	Menu item list	Deprecated. Do not use. Use other standard list types instead.
<META>	Meta-information	Useful way to insert relevant information into the <head> section of the page that does not need to be displayed.
<OL>	Ordered list	Type of list where the order of elements has some meaning. Generally rendered with item numbers (best managed with CSS).
<OPTION>	Selection list option	Vital for options within a drop-down control.
<PARAM>	Parameter for Java applet	Used in conjunction with an <object> or <applet> tag to pass additional setting information at runtime.
<PRE>	Preformatted text	Renders text in a pre-formatted style, preserving line breaks and all spaces present in the source. May be useful. (This one’s a paradox, as it is strictly display info that applies only to visual browsing, but it’s still so commonly used and useful that I’m hesitant to advise against using it.)
<P>	Paragraph	Only use to denote a paragraph of text. Never use for spacing alone.
<Q>	Short quotation	Use for inline quotations (whereas <blockquote> should be used for quotations of a paragraph or more). Often used in conjunction with <cite>to cite the quotation’s source.
<SAMP>	Denotes sample output text	Similar to the <code> tag. Rarely used. Avoid.
<SCRIPT>	Inline script (e.g. JavaScript)	It’s better to have all scripts as separate files than to write inline or in the<head> section, however still has its uses.
<SELECT>	Selection list	A drop-down selector for a form.
<SMALL>	Smaller text	Display info – never use it
<SPAN>	An inline span within text	Use to apply meaning (and style) to a span of text that goes with the flow of content (whereas a <div> tag is block-level and breaks the flow)
<Strikeout>		Display info – never use it
<STRONG>	Strong emphasis	Use this instead of the old <b> tag.
<STYLE>	CSS style settings	Normally used in <head> section of a page. Try to use external stylesheets, to enable you to apply different styles for different output media.
<SUB>	Subscript text	Arguably display info – recommend using alternative tags (e.g. <cite>). May be required in some academic uses, e.g. Chemical formulas.
<SUP>	Superscript text
<TABLE>	Table	Use for repeated data that has a naturally tabular form. Never use for layout purposes.
<TD>	Table data cell	A cell containing actual data. If a cell actually contains a descriptor or identifier for a row or column, use a <th> (table header) tag, not a <td>.This usually applies to column headers (within a <thead>), column footers (within a <tfoot>), as well as row headers (usually the first cell in a row in the <tbody>).
<TEXTAREA>	Multi-line text input area in a form	Essential
<TH>	Table column or row header cell	May appear in a <thead> (to denote a column header cell), <tbody> (to denote a row header), and in <tfoot> (to denote a column foot cell, e.g. a total)
<TBODY>	Indicates the main body of a data table	It is always worth using this tag, as well as using <thead> and <tfoot>where appropriate. Note that it is permissible to have more than one <tbody>, <thead>, and<tfoot> in the same table.
<THEAD>	The head section of a table	The place to put column header cells (<th>)
<TFOOT>	The foot section of a table	Good place to put e.g. summary data, such as totals. Note that it goes before the <tbody> tag!
<TITLE>	Document title	Essential
<TR>	Table row	Essential with tables
<TT>	“Teletype” - simulates typewriter output	Similar to <pre>, except that it collapses white space like normal HTML (whereas <pre> leaves all consecutive white space intact). Avoid if possible
<UL>	Unordered list	Essential. Use for lists where the order or items has no particular importance.
<U>	Underline text	Display info – never use it
<VAR>	Variable in computer code	Obscure tag, may only be us